Tuesday, October 5, 2010
C Iyothee Thass Pandit
PANNDITHAR .KA. AYOTHIDHASAR
Pandit Ayothidasar in the last decade of the 19th Century was a Writer, Journalist, Social reformer, Siddha Physician, Tamil and Buddhist Scholar. He edited and published THAMIZHAN a journal devoted to social reform for eight years. He opposed Brahminism Vedic rituals, untouchability. He championed communal representation, Women’s Rights, self-respect, Rationalism etc., unfortunately the world of Tamil scholar purposely ignored contribution to Tamil Life and Thought.
Only AD suffered this ignoring. Subramania Bharathiyar, V.O.Chimdambaram Pillai, Singaravelach Chettiar, Pandit U.V. Saminatha Iyer, Thiru.V.Kalyanasundara Madaliar, Pandithurai Thevar, Mahavidwan Raghava Iyengar who lived during the same period in the Madras Presidency were hounoured for theirs scholarship and patriotism. Ayothidasar’s many field contributions did not receive due recognition because he belonged to the Paraiyan caste.
The neglect Ayothidasar suffered was worse than physical violence. The higher-caste intellectuals in Tamil Nadu were adopt in practicing this variety of concealed violence.
We are presenting before you the history of Tamil Nadu 100 years ago which was ignored by this casteist intellectuals of Tamil Nadu.
European merchants came to India in the later half of the 17th century. They began as Traders but in course of time conquered and ruled large parts of the country including Madras State
During 1870’s Englishmen came to India in large numbers to construct roads and bridges. Railway lines were laid and new departments like post and telegraph, police, military etc were created.
They lived in colonies and with their families they required the services of interpreters, gardeners, servants, cooks and watchmen. They also required grooms for their horses. Because the post required physical labour people belonging to the dominant castes did not offer their services. Englishmen ate beef and that was an important reason why people from the dominant castes. Kept away from such services.
The depressed classes of TN the sons of the soil who were ignored by the caste ridden society were selected to do these jobs. The men who lived in the slums in and around Madras were selected to lay railway lines, run postal services and construct buildings. This resulted in the growth of big slums in Egmore, Chetput, Teynampet, Althottam etc.
The depressed classes who lived in these slums organized associations like Panchamar Maha Jana Sabhas to forge unity among themselves and improve their living conditions. They demanded facilities for education for their children and employment for themselves. They also requested the Govt. to allot lands to the Depressed classes for cultivation.
The British Govt. accepted their demands and either directly or through Christian Missionaries implemented them. On behalf of the DC’s many journals were published in the Madras Presidency.
When Sir Thomsa Munro was Governor of Madras Mr. george Harrington was led under him as the Heal of the state Construction Dept. Thiru. Kandappan served under him. He was a Tamil Scholar and also Siddha Physician. He possessed a plam-leaf copy of the great Tamil work, TIRUKKURAL. He understood its importance as a classic of world literature and so he carefully preserved the copy.
Kandappan’s son Kandasamy who lived in the Thousand Lights area in Madras was also a Siddha Physician. His wife gave birth to a male child on 20.05.1845 and the child was named Kathavarayan. He was also initiated into the hereditary profession Siddha Medicine. Later he joined Ayothidasar Pandit’s Village School. He developed great respect for his teacher and adopted his name.
English officials used to go to Nilgiris Hills during summer George Harrington took his Butler Kaudappan and his family members with him to Ooty Ayothidasar married Dhanalakshmi sister of Rettamalai, Srinivasan who was his relation.
Ayothidasar started Advaita Philosophy during his stay at Ooty and formed the Advaithanandha Sabha to propogate Advaita Philosophy Col. H.S. Olcott, President of the International Theosophical society had started 5 free schools for Panchama children in the centre of Madras. He also became acquainted with Rev. John Rathinam who started a school for the oppressed in Madras. He formed Dravidar Kazhagam in 1882 and started the journal ‘Dravida Pandian’ in 1885. Ayothidasar’s friendship with the two persons mentioned above introduced for reaching changes in his thinking.
Dr. T. DHARMARAJAN
St. Xavier’s College, Palayamkottai
When the Mahajana Sabha (Madras) conducted its General Body Meeting. Ayothidasar moved a resolution containing some demands. The opposition to his demands opened his eyes.
Did he make revolutionary demands? No, he requested that Pariahs may be allowed entry into Siva and Vishnu Temples. He also sought facilities for educating pariah children. These were ordinary demands but a 100 years ago they met with stiff opposition. Entrenched casteism opposed his very ordinary demands.
“You may call yourself a HINDU. But Siva and Vishnu are not your deities. Karuppasamy and Sudalamadan are your deities. Be satisfied with worshipping them” said caste Hindus. It was a defining moment in his life.
The palm leaf manuscript Naradiya Sangs Thelivu” narrates the history of Buddhism and how it was destroyed in the land of its birth. When he studied of his outlook changed.
In 1890’s he accepted Buddhist teachings. In 1898 July he went to Colombo with company of Col.Olcott and became a Buddhist.
“Buddhism was the religion of my concestors and I here returned to it”, wrote Ayothidasar.
He returned to Madras and founded the “south Indian Sakkiya Buddhist Sangh” at Royappettah (Madras). Its branches were started at Tiruppathur, Thangavayal, Marikuppam, Bangalore, Rangoon (Burma) etc.
Meetings were held every Sunday. Singaravelar, Prof. Lakshmi Narasu, A.P. Periyasamy Pulavar, Appaduraiar and Swapna Sundari spoke in these meetings. They exposed Vedic religion and Brahminism and supported rationalist ideas. He rewrote the history of the oppressed classes when Brahminism had subjugated in a stealthy manner.
Dr. RAJ GOWTHAMAN
PUDUCHERRY
Ayothidasar lived a life of struggle with Buddhism as parallel religion he countered Brahminism orthodoky.
When he said that Brahmin are steeped in casteism and non-Brahmins are victims of casteism, he was not indulging in speculation – he was speaking the TRUTH. He said on the basis of strong evidence that the untouchables were once followers of Buddhism. Brahminism punished recalcitrant individuals and denounced them as casteless persons and people of low birth. Thevaram, the Tamil Saivite hymn described fighters against Brahminism as “people of low birth”.
When one fights Brahminism he is immediately branded as a person of low birth. When an army cannot do Brahminism can achieve easily and quickly. Just as a virus kills a person Brahminism. Annihislates whole society, the sons of the soil. Ayothidasar understood this and opposed it.
Mr. PA. EZHILARASAN
Editor, Resurgence, Chennai
Ayothidasar came to the conclusion that Hinduism is the source of casteism and its attendant evils. He searched for a counter culture and discovered Buddhism. He para pharased the teachings of Buddhism and wrote insightful commentaries. He not only pointed out the short comings of Hindhuism, but also explained how Buddhism was supers on Hinduism .
Prof. T. DHARMARAJAN:
Ayothidasar did not search for Buddhism in Buddhist Viharas and mutts. He searched for it among the people. He found out two sources of Buddhism in Tamil Nadu.
1) The oral traditions, customs and usage prevalent among the Tamils.
2) The songs and Tales of Buddhism were recorded in palm-leaf manuscripts and preserved palm-leaf by the lower mungs of the people. He studied the collections of Tamil ethical poems (THIRUKKURAL) and came to the conclusion that these represented ‘Tamil Buddhism’. Ancient Siddha texts proved to be sources of Buddhism.
RAVIKUMAR, M.L.A. VCK
Whenever Ayothidasar wrote about Buddhism he always referred to it as Tamil Buddhism because Buddhism is our State has a deep history behind it. Dr. Romila Thapar who has studied Buddhism in India has said that Tamil Buddhism is still an open field and it has to be thoroughly studied and researched.
Buddha’s spoke about Love, Tolerance, Equality, Rationalism etc which were concepts meant for the liberation of the oppressed people. He sowed the seeds of liberation theology; but it was not harvested by the suppressed people.
He founded a journal, oru paisa Tamilan and the first issued was published on 19.6.1907 from Royapettah. The journal was expected to provide a link with all the branches of Sakkya Buddhist Sangh and explain the principles and practices of Buddhism to its followers.
There are persons who cannot differentiate among the higher casts, the middle castes and the lower castes. Some philosophers, mathematicians, scientists and writers joined together to educate the people about the Right path, Honesty etc and they co-operated in the publication of oru paisa Tamilan Articles on Buddhist principles and practices along with news reports on events effecting the lives of the people were published in the journal. Current events were analysed and discussed. Articles on Women’s Education Prices of Essential Commodities and Book Reviews were published.
The journal worked tirelessly for the empowerment of the DC’s. It was popular with Tamilians living in the Madras Presidency and also outside the state.
It was during this period that ideas like Anti-Brahminism, Dravidian Ideology, Rationalism etc were discussed by all sections of the people in the Presidency. The Dravidian Movement gathered the stands and united them into a full fledged political ideology.
THOL. THIRUMAVALAVAN M.P.
Leader, VC, Chennai.
“The DC’s are the sons of the soil they are the original inhabitants of this hoary land” declared Pandit Ayothidasar when the British Govt included DC’s in the religious category of the HINDUS he objected strongly and declared that they are not Hindus. They are the original inhabitants and they should be designated as Adhi Tamilan.
Tamils today are known for their passionate adherence to Tamil (language), Tamil Nationality and Tamil Nationalism. It will not be an exaggeration to say that the foundation for the fierce nationalism of the Tamil people was laid by Pandit Ayothidasar.
V. GEETHA:
Research Worker,
Chennai
I felt deeply thrilled when I read Ayothidasar’s book Aathivedham. Though Ayothidasar studied and wrote continuously his book (Aathivedham) reveals his total personality. He wrote the life of Buddha in a special manner.
He included Buddha’s teachings and thoughts in his narrative of Buddha life he maisted the question Why Pariah’s were suppressed at many places in the book. Who are the true Brahmins and who are the false Brahmins? Who are the real Brahmins and who act as Brahmins? Ayothidasar asked these questions frequently and gave the answers he instructs us as to how to read the Indian History. He writes about the history and identity of the Parisahs. He explains how the word Pariah has become a term of abuse in the present day. He writes about Human Rights. His book AATHIVEDHAM is a stupendous achievements.
Buddhism belongs to Tamil soil, Tamil Nadu. You cannot write Tamil history without discussing the part played by Buddhism in the history of the Tamils. He says Buddha’s Life is Buddhism. Buddha wanted people to live a life of dignity and honour. For that they should enjoy human mights which is the same thing as DALIT rights. He also thought about how to create the environment for the empowerment of the Dalits.
How to live without caste pride or humiliating the so-called lower castes? How to create an inclusive society based on Equality, Tolerance and Humanism? He mentions some incidents from the life of Buddha and exhorts us to create a Humanistic Society.
Pandit Ayothidasar and Dr. Ambedkar studied the Life of Buddha written by Aswagosh. Both studied books written in the Pali language. Ayothidasar’s writings stand testimony to the fact that he did not base himself on Tamil writings alone.
Ayothidasar always emphasized labour. It was an integral part of his campaign to eradicate caste. The so-called higher castes do not work and do not respect those who do physical work. He has written in many places that labour created knowledge. In his book Aathivedham he emphasizes the importance of labour. He associate labour with values. He asks: Do you work honestly and efficiently? Dr. Ambedkar also emphasized the importance of labour.
PO VELSAMY:
Scholar and Writes, Erode
Before Ayothidasar started writing there were not history books. But he wrote extensively about Aryans and Dravaidians Researches in the Indus Valley Civilization started only afterwards. He pointed out that Aryans came from outside and so they are ‘foreigners’. Other scholars who wrote about Buddhism based themselves on books written in the English Language. But Ayothidasar who knew Pali and Prakrit languages studied original Buddhist sources and wrote his books.
DALIT EZHIL MALAI:
CHENNAI
(Ex-Minister, GOI)
“Ayothidasar’s writings contributed to revival of Buddhism in the Madras Presidency. Dr. Ambedkar understood this and began from where he left. There are many instances to prove the above statement. He visited Madras on three occasions and also visited the Madras Christian College where Ayothidasar student, Lakshmi Narash taught. Ayothidasar had proved that the DC’s were originally Buddhists. Dr. Ambedkar accepted it and decided to embrace Buddhism.
Dr K. THANGAVELU:
Chennai
Ayothidasar was an outstanding Rationalist Scholar and Writer. He wrote 37 books. He belonged to the SC and caste it forces in the state suppressed his books. His name was not mentioned. He quoted from books which were no longer available to modern scholars. In any case they could not fault his arguments.
. THOL. THIRUMAVALAVAN :
“Dalits are not HINDUS. They are Ancient Tamils. They have the ability to rule the country and they must rule” said Ayothidasar. “Immigrants have seized power and they should be driven out. Sons of the soil should rule the country” said Ayothidasar.
He recorded these thoughts before Periyar EVR, before the great revolutionary leader Dr. Ambedkar. He was a great pioneering leader”.
. RAVIKUMAR:
Ayothidasar’s importance lies in the realm of culture. He wrote accurately about the history of the so called SC’s. He wrote again and again that untouchability came to be practices only a few centuries ago in Tamilnadu. This has been proved.
Thiru. CHICKANNA :
President,
Adivasigal Seva Sangam, Ootty
These lands belonged to Ayothidasar. They destroyed his mutt. Two statues of Buddha were installed there. After Ayothidasar’s death there was nobody to look after the statues. We removed the statues and kept them in the Tulsimadam. Even now you can see them in the Tulsimadam.
J. BALAKRISHNAN, Poet, Ootty
Ayothidasar used the Tulsimadam as a place of meditation. Sometimes he conducted free Siddha Medical Camps there. Toda hill tribes used to meet him and get medical treatment.
R.ASOKAN, S/o. K. RAJARAM AYOTHIDASAR
Ayothidasar’s Tulasimadam has been captured by the followers of HINDUTVA and his name has been suppressed. A manimandapam should be constructed in his memory in NILGIRIS – OOTY. His statue should be installed and the Govt. college in Ooty should be named after him. We appeal to the Hon. Chief Minister of TN to do the needful.
“We shall revive Tamil Buddhism is the light of Ayothidasar’s Teachings and liberate the suppressed
people of TAMILNADU.
Friday, May 28, 2010
http://www.ayothidhasar.com/
தமிழகத்தில் பத்தொன்பதாம் நூற்றாண்டின் இறுதிப்பகுதியில் ஆதித்தமிழர்கள், சாதியற்ற திராவிடர்களின் உரிமைப்பற்றி பேசி, வேத பிராமணீயத்தை எதிர்த்து, தீண்டாமை, சாதி ஒழிப்பு, சுயமரியாதை, பகுத்தறிவு, அரசியல் பிரதிநித்துவம் , தமிழ்மொழி உணர்வு , பெண்கல்வி... போன்ற நவீன கருத்தாக்கங்களை "ஒருபைச தமிழன்" மற்றும் "தமிழன்" இதழ்களில் உரையாடல் செய்த பண்டிதர் க அயோத்திதாசர் அவர்களின் 165 ஆவது பிறந்த நாள் நிகழ்வாக, அவர் பெயரில் வடிவமைத்திருக்கும் http://www.ayothidhasar.com/ அயோத்திதாசர் இணைய தளத்தை அறிமுக விழா ஒன்றை மதுரைக்கல்லூரி தத்துவத்துறை மற்றும் அயோத்திதாசர் ஆய்வு நடுவம் இணைந்து மே மாதம் 22 இந்தேதி மாலை 5 மணிக்கு மதுரைக்கல்லூரி தத்துவத்துறை கருத்தரங்க அரங்கத்தில் நடைபெற்றது.
இந்நிகழ்வுக்கு தத்துவத்துறை தலைவர் முனைவர் ஆர் .முரளி தலைமை தாங்கினார். தன்னுடைய தலைமை உரையில் நூறு வருடங்களுக்கு பிறகு நமக்கு கிடைத்த பொக்கிஷம், அதை வெறும் அலங்கார பொருளாக்காமல், ஆய்வு நோக்கில் அடுத்த கட்டத்திற்கு இளைய தலைமுறைக்கு எடுத்துசெல்ல வேண்டுமென்றார்.
நிகழ்ச்சியின் துவக்கமாக பாரி.செழியன் தயாரித்து இயக்கிய "பண்டிதர் க அயோத்திதாசர்" ஆவணப்படம் திரையிடப்பட்டது.
இந்நிகழ்ச்சிக்கு முன்னிலை வகித்த வேலூர் பௌத்த பிக்கு அஷ்பகோஸ் அவர்கள் மடி கணினி மூலம் அயோத்திதாசர் இணையதளத்தை அறிமுகம் செய்தார். இணைய ஒருங்கிணைப்பாளர் பாரி.செழியன் அவர்கள் அயோத்திதாசர் இணைய தளத்தின் சிறப்புகளை விவரித்தார். "இணைய தளத்தில் அயோத்திதாசர் நடத்திய "ஒருபைசத்தமிழன்" மற்றும் "தமிழன்" இதழ்களின் தொகுப்பு அனைத்துமே (pdf file ) படிக்கலாம் பயன்படுத்தலாம். அதுபோலவே தலித் அமைப்புகள் நடத்திய அரசியல் போராட்டங்கள், மாநாடுகள், மாநாட்டுத் தீர்மானங்கள், துண்டறிக்கைகள் ..போன்றவை படிக்கலாம். தலித் தலைவர்களின் வாழ்க்கை வரலாறு, அவர்களின் சமூக விடுதலைக்கான பங்களிப்பையும் அறியலாம். இணைய தளத்தில் மிக சிறப்பாக " ஒருபைசா தமிழன்" என்ற இனைய இதழ் ஒன்றும் உள்ளது. அதில் தலித்களின் தனித்துவ பிரச்சனைகளை பொது தளத்தில் உரையாடல் செய்யும். தலித்களின் ஆதரவாளர்கள் என்று சொல்லிக்கொண்டே தலித் வரலாற்றை இருட்டடிப்புச்செய்த வரலாற்றை வெளிச்சத்திற்கு கொண்டுவரும் . தலித் கலை இலக்கிய ஆர்வலர்க்கு, இளம் ஆய்வு மாணவர்களுக்கு, சாதி ஒழிந்த சமுதாயம் காண விழையும் அனைத்து தமிழருக்கும் ஒரு மாற்று இணைய வெளியாக செயல்படும் என்றார்.
அடுத்து சிறப்புரை ஆற்றிய முனைவர் ஞான. அலாய்சியஸ் அவர்கள் அயோத்திதாசரின் பன்முக ஆளுமைகளை விரிவாக விளக்கினார். பண்டிதரின் பகுத்தறிவு, வேத பிராமணீய ஆதிக்க, பௌத்த, தமிழ்த்தேசிய சிந்தனைகளை விளக்கினார். வே அலெக்ஸ் தன்னுடைய நன்றி உரையில் இதுவரையில் பண்டிதரின் சிந்தனைகளை ஏன் மறைக்கப்பட்டது என்றும் அது தலித் சிந்தனையாளர்களால் மட்டுமே அது வெளியே கொண்டு வரப்பட்டது என்று கூறி நிகழ்ச்சியை சிறப்பித அனைவருக்கு நன்றி கூறினார்
Thursday, March 25, 2010
எம் சி ராஜா 1883 - 1943
Saturday, March 20, 2010
ரெட்டமலை சீனிவாசன் - 1859 - 1945
"இதர சமூகத்தவர்களும், சமயத்தவர்களும் நம்மை முன்னேற்ற வந்ததாக சொல்வது அவர்களின் சுயநலமாகும். நம்முடைய இடைவிடாத சுயமுயற்சியால் முன்னேறி வந்து கொண்டிருக்கிறோம் "
1887 ஆம் ஆண்டு அரங்க நாயகியை மணந்தார்
1893 - பறையர் என்ற வார இதழை துவக்கி தலித் மக்களின் விடுதலைக்கு விழிப்புணர்வு ஏற்படுத்தினார்
1894 - பஞ்சமி நில மீட்பு போராட்டம் நடத்தினார்
1895 - சென்னைக்கு வருகை தந்த ஆளுநர் லார்ட் எல்ட்சின் அவர்களிடம் தமிழகத்தில் நிலவிய தீண்டாமை, சாத்திய கொடுமைகளை குறித்தும், தலித்கள் சரிசமமாக வாழ கல்வி , வேலைவாய்ப்பு அரசியல் பற்றி ஒரு பெரிய கோரிக்கை விண்ணப்பம் ஒன்றை நேரடியாக கொடுத்தார்
1897 - சென்னை விக்டோரியா மண்டபத்தில் பூர்வீக குடிமக்களின் மாநாடு நடத்தினார்
1899 - சென்னையில் உள்ள வெள்ளைக்காரர்களின் வீட்டில் பட்லராக பனி செய்தவர்களின் குறைகளை களைய இரவு 11 -மணிக்கு பிறகு பொது கூடம் ஒன்றை சென்னை ராயபேட்டையில் உள்ள தூய வெசுலியன் ஆலயத்தில் நடத்தி ஆட்சியாளர்களுக்கு தெரிவித்தார்
1901 - இங்கிலாந்து சென்றார் 1904 - தென் ஆபிரிக்க , நேட்டலில் உள்ள நீதி மன்றத்தில் மொழிபெயர்ப்பலராக பனி புரிந்தார் .
அங்கே பணியாற்றி கொண்டிருந்த காந்தி அவர்களுக்கும் மொழிபெயர்பாளராகவும் இருந்தார் அபோதுதான் அவருக்கு தமிழ் கற்று கொடுத்தார் மோ.க.காந்தி என்று தமிழில் கையெழுத்து போடுவதற்கு கற்று கொடுத்தார்.
1921 மீண்டும் சென்னைக்கு வந்தார் அப்போது அரசியலாக பரிணமித்துள்ள நீதிகாட்சியில் இணைந்து பணியாற்றினார்.
1923 ஆண்டுமுதல் 1938 ஆண்டுவரை சென்னை சட்டப்பேரவை உறுபினராக இருந்து பணியாற்றினார் அப்போது தலித்களை பிற சாதி இந்துக்கள் போல் சரி சமமாக நடத்தப்பட வேண்டும். பொதுச்சாலையில் நடக்கவும் பொது கிணற்றில் தண்ணீர் எடுக்கவும் பொது இடங்களில் அரசு அலுவலங்களில் நுழைவதற்கு உரிமை அளிக்கப்பட வேண்டும். தீண்டாமை ஒழிக்கப்படவேண்டும் என சட்டசபையில் உரையாற்றினார். இந்த கோரிக்கையின் அடிப்படையில்தான் 1925 ஆண்டு புனித ஜார்ச் கோட்டை அரசுப்பதிவிதழ் 1 A / 2660 ( No . L .X .M ) இன் கீழ் தலித் மக்களும் பிறரைப்போல சமமாக மதிக்கப்பட வேண்டுமென அரசு ஆணையிட்டது .
1926 ஆண்டு பிப்ரவரி 20 ஆம் நாள் ரெட்டமலை சீனிவாசன் அவர்களின் சேவையை பாராட்டி அவருக்கு " ராவ்சாகிப்" என்ற பட்டத்தை அரசு வழங்கி கௌரவித்தது.
1928 தலித்கள் கல்வியால் தான் முனேற முடியும் என்ற அடிப்படையில் ஒரு "கல்வி கழகத்தை" ஆரம்பித்தார். அதன்மூலம் ஏழை மாணவர்களை கல்வி கற்கவும் செய்தார்
1928 ஆண்டு ரெட்டமலை சீனிவாசனின் துணைவியார் அரங்கநாயகி அம்மாள் தமது 60 வயதில் இயற்கை எய்தினார். அம்மையாரின் கல்லறையில் ..தீண்டப்படாத மக்கள் பொதுச்சாலையில் நடக்கவும், பொது கிணற்றில் குடிநீர் எடுக்கவும் உரிமை வாங்கி தந்த 1925 ஏப்ரல் 28 ஆம் நாள் அரசு வெளியிட்ட தீண்டாமை ஒழிப்பிற்கான அந்த அரசு ஆணை பொறிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது.
1930 - லண்டன் முதல் வட்ட மேசை மாநாட்டிலே 5 ஆவது மன்னரிடம் உறுப்பினர்கள் தங்களை அறிமுகம் செய்துகொண்டு மன்னரோடு கை குலுக்கினார்கள். ஆனால் ரெட்டமலை சீனிவாசன் தன கோர்ட் பக்கெட்டில் " ராவ் சாகிப் ரெட்டமலை சீனிவாசன் பறையன் தீண்டப்படாதவன்" என பொறிக்கப்பட்ட அடையாள அட்டையை அணிந்திருந்தார். மன்னர் கை குலுக்க முன்வந்த போது ரெட்டமலை சீனிவாசன் அதை மறுத்து "நீங்கள் என்னை தொட்டால் தீட்டு உங்களுக்கு ஒட்டிக்கொள்ளும் என்ற நிலை இருகிறதே! நான் எப்படி உங்களுக்கு கை கொடுக்க முடியும்? " என கேட்டார்." இந்தியாவில் உள்ள தீண்டாமை, சாதிகொடுமை, பற்றி உங்களோடு விவரிக்க எனக்கு தனியாக நேரம் கொடுக்க உறுதியளிதால் நான் உம்மோடு கை குலுக்கிறேன்" மன்னர் சரி என்றதும் அருகில் சென்று மன்னரோடு கை குலுக்கினர் இம்மாநாட்டில் தீண்டபடாத மக்களுக்கு அரசியல் அதிகாரம், கல்வி கற்க உரிமை, வயது வந்தோர் அனைவருக்கும் வாக்குரிமை, சட்ட சபையில் அரசியல் பிரதிநித்துவம் போன்ற மிக முக்கியமான கோரிக்கைகளை வலியுறுத்தி பேசினார்.
1931 - ரெட்டமலை சீனிவாசன் தலித்மக்களுக்கு செய்த பணிகளை பாராட்டி அரசு அவருக்கு " ராவ் பகதூர் " என்ற பட்டத்தை வழங்கி சிறப்பித்தது.
1931 செப்டம்பர் - இரண்டாவது வட்டமேசை மாநாட்டில் கலந்துகொண்டு புரட்சியாளர் அம்பேத்கருக்கு உற்ற துணையாக இருந்து தலித்மக்களின் விடுதலைக்கு போராடினார். தீண்டாமை ஒழிப்பு, கல்வி உரிமை, அரசியல், பொருளாதார உரிமைகள், தனித்தொகுதி ஒதுக்கீடு, இரட்டை வாக்குரிமை போன்ற கோரிக்கைகளை ஏற்றுகொண்டு உடனே மன்னர் அரசனை பிறபித்தார்.
1932 செப்டம்பர் 20 ஆம் நாள் ஐந்தாம் ஜார்ச் மன்னர் அளித்த அரசு ஆணையாகிய தீண்டபடாத மக்களுக்கு வழங்கப்பட தனித்தொகுதி இரட்டை வாக்குரிமையை எதிர்த்து காந்தி ஏரவாடா சிறையில் உண்ணாவிரதம் மேற்கொண்டார். அணைத்து சாதி,மத தலைவர்கள் ஒன்று கூடி புரட்சியாளர் அம்பேத்கரிடம் காந்தியை காப்பாற்ற வேண்டுமென கேட்டுகொண்டனர் அதனடிப்படையில் 1932 செப்டம்பர் 26 ஆம் நாள் அனைவரும் ஒன்றுகூடி பூனாவில் தலித் மக்களுக்கு கிடைத்த தனி தொகுதி உரிமையில் சில மாற்றங்களுடன் ஒப்புக்கொண்டார்.
1936 ஜனவரி 1 இல் ரெட்டமலை சீனிவாசன் சமூக பணிகளை பாராட்டி அரசு அவருக்கு "திவான் பகதூர்" பட்டம் கொடுத்து ஊக்கிவித்தது.
1937 சென்னை மாநில முதல்வராக இருந்த போது, ஜமின் முறை ஒழிக்கப்பட்ட போது ஜமின்தரர்கள் நிலங்களை உழவர்கள், விவசாயிகள் கைப்பற்ற வேண்டும் என அறிக்கைவிட்டார்.உழுபவனுக்கே நிலம் சொந்தமென முழங்கினார்.
1937 ரெட்டமலை சீனிவாசனின் தொண்டுகளை பாராட்டி திரு வி க அவர்கள் "திராவிடமணி" என்ற பட்டத்தை வழங்கினார்
1938 - ஆகஸ்ட் 27 ஆம் நாள் தீண்டபடாத மாநில அட்டவனைபட்டியல் முன்னேற்ற ஆலோசனை வழங்கல் வாரிய அமைப்பின் ஆலோசகராக நியமிக்கப்பட்டார்
50 ஆண்டுகளுக்கு மேல் தலித் விடுதலைக்காக தொடர்ந்து அரும்பணியாற்றிய மாபெரும் போராளி ரெட்டமலை சீனிவாசன் அவர்கள் தனது 85 வயதில் 1945 செப்டம்பர் 17 ஆம் நாள் இயற்கை எய்தினார்.
Friday, March 19, 2010
INTERVIEW
‘Dalit unity is undermined’
D. KARTHIKEYAN
Interview with Hugo Gorringe, Lecturer in Sociology at the University of Edinburgh.
S. JAMES
Hugo Gorringe: “The notion of space is the central social idiom of the Dalit struggle.”
In the recent past, there has been a lot of debate on the emergence of Dalit parties in Tamil Nadu’s political sphere on the basis of Dalit identity. A larger identity constructed by the Dravidian movement has not only failed to transcend caste identities but has also suppressed the Dalit question through its hegemony. In this interview to Frontline, Hugo Gorringe, Lecturer in Sociology at the University of Edinburgh and author of Untouchable Citizens: Dalit Movements and Democratisation in Tamil Nadu (Sage 2005), talks about the emergence of Dalit movements, Dravidian hegemony and the future of Dalit politics in Tamil Nadu.
Gorringe has written several articles on caste, violence, protest and policing. He was in Madurai recently. Excerpts:
How did the idea of doing research on a Dalit movement in Tamil Nadu evolve?
My father worked in the Tamil Nadu Theological Seminary (TTS) in Madurai, so I grew up in Tamil Nadu between the ages of 4 and 11. During these years, I was able to make good friends. After we left, I had the opportunity to visit Madurai once every three or four years to keep up the connection with my friends, maintain my Tamil and meet people. The TTS is a place where Dalit theology is very important and I was exposed to dialogues between Gandhi and Ambedkar on untouchability as well as the social inequalities prevalent here. For my bachelor’s degree, I wrote a 10,000-word project about my experience with Dalits in India. I thought that the project was easy to do and also would give me opportunities to meet my friends.
During that project, though, I met more people and learned more about persistent caste inequalities. Following up on that experience, and realising that not much work had been done about Dalits and their movements in English, I thought of filling that gap. That was how my PhD project came about. Scholars like Michael Moffat (An Untouchable Community in India: Structure and Consensus; Princeton University Press, 1979) had argued that caste was based on structural consensus and that groups at the lower order replicated the forms and relationships of those at the upper strata.
Others argue that the lower caste groups in fact fight against caste. The situation has changed dramatically since Moffat’s work was published, and Dalit movements have mobilised across the State. I wanted to understand these contemporary caste relations and chart the challenges to caste hierarchy.
How important was your PhD in developing your understanding of caste and exploitation that continue to frame the lives of Dalits?
My PhD introduced me to the everyday life of Dalits. Once I got to know members of the movement, my PhD research took me into villages and urban slums that I had not visited before and opened my eyes to the subtle manifestations and the everyday practical difficulties of Dalits and how they are discriminated against both in civil as well as political society.
One of the significant features of your work was the concept of production of space and reclamation of rights to public space. How important is this concept in the case of Dalits?
The notion of space is the central social idiom of the Dalit struggle. At least superficially, the transformation of Puthiya Tamizhagam (PT) and Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi (VCK) as political movements has enabled them to claim space within urban areas on par with other parties as can be seen in wall posters, flagpoles and murals. Likewise, few towns and villages in the urban periphery remain untouched by the symbols of Dalit politics. Given the immense struggles and battles that ensued to gain acceptance for these symbols, the fact that they are now commonplace in itself is extremely significant. On a more concrete level, Dalits in urban areas continue to live predominantly in slums or particular enclaves. Urban space in that sense is still marked by caste; people seeking homes for rent are often asked about their caste or are asked to get references from upper caste people before being offered a place. In rural areas, Dalits still reside in cheris outside the village and must struggle for access to roads and common resources.
Even in the case of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam government’s Samathuvapuram project, [a residential area] where people of different castes live side by side, lack of engagement between them in common cases and spaces indicate the continuing resilience of caste sentiment.
How important do you think is the emergence of Dalit parties such as the VCK and the PT in Tamil Nadu’s political sphere?
The rise of parties like the VCK and the PT is precisely about compelling the Dravidian parties to accept Dalits as political players. In the case of the VCK, so far they seem to have achieved that but the accusations that they levelled against other Dalit politicians – as being non-representative and out of touch with the realities of untouchability – are now being levelled against the VCK. Dalits I have spoken to felt that there are so many pressing issues that need to be addressed, but the VCK leaders have failed to address them in their pursuit of larger issues like the Sri Lankan conflict.
Whilst it is a real sign of progress that a ‘Dalit Party’ can speak out on wider issues, the failure to engage with the concerns of their core constituents can foster disillusionment.
Dravidian hegemony, achieved through the Dravidian parties’ investment in symbolic capital such as social honour and trust and creation of symbols, idioms of glorious past, was one of the major reasons for the suppression of the Dalit question. How far do you think the Dalit parties are able to challenge the hegemony?
The Dalit parties’ failure to challenge Dravidian hegemony is one of action rather than analysis. If one listens to [VCK leader] Thirumavalavan in Dalit circles or reads his work or that of D. Ravikumar [Member of the Legislative Assembly representing the VCK], they offer an insightful analysis of brahminism and of the influence of Dravidian movement and they explain how Dalits buy into that rhetoric. Despite this, the VCK has allied itself with both main Dravidian parties rather than attempting to consolidate a Third Front. The pertinent question is whether the decision to ally with Dravidian parties is pragmatic or principled.
Initially it was a pragmatic move to escape persecution and establish the VCK as a political player, but increasingly they seem to be buying into the system. Yes, they have gained some concessions and have given a voice to marginalised people to some extent, but when leaders of resistance movements fall at the feet of Dravidian leaders, you see the transformation of figures of liberation to establishment figures.
There is an accusation that the inclusive rhetoric of the Dravidian movement bypassed Dalits only to empower the regionally dominant middle castes who oppress Dalits and commit atrocities against them? How far is this true?
The Dravidian movement was always anti-Brahmin but was never systematically anti-brahminical as a philosophy and never has campaigned for that. In fact they never challenged the structural hierarchy except in symbolic ways, meaning that we still have caste oppression both at village and urban areas by dominant castes who have supplanted the Brahmins as power holders but follow brahminical policies. Brahminism continues to hold sway.
The egalitarian ideology of Periyar has not come into fruition. Even Vanniyars and Thevars had to struggle for inclusion into Tamil politics. Indeed, the history of Tamil politics has been one of successive struggles by marginalised sections in society. The failure of Dravidian parties is perhaps best exemplified by the fact that political contestation is still articulated and carried out on caste lines.
Still the struggle continues?
Yes, after Vanniyars and Thevars, it was Pallars (Devendrars) and Paraiyars (Adi Dravidars) and now it is Arunthathiyars who are struggling for political inclusion. This happens precisely because caste continues to have symbolic and material substance and remains an important category of practice. This is not to say that social relations have been static. By and large, there is a widespread decline of dependency among Dalits. But the advancement of marginalised communities is largely incidental to, rather than a product of, Dravidian policies.
S. THANTHONI
Dr K. Krishnaswamy, founder, Puthiya Tamizhagam.
Even Dalit movements are mobilising on caste issues, and it is a paradox to see that anti-caste movements are reinforcing the social structures they want to eradicate. There are a number of reasons for that; firstly, Dravidian hegemony is so strong that whatever the leaders say and think, Dalits cling to a Tamilian identity. The failure of parties like the Bahujan Samaj Party and the Communist Party of India and the CPI(M) testify to that.
Secondly, it reflects a lack of democracy among Dalit movements. The focus on big leaders, which reflects the dominant form of Tamil politics, itself leads to division and status competition. Thirdly, movements have tended to be particularly sensitive to atrocities, which is important in itself, but perhaps also entails a failure to work systematically against caste divisions. Even as the VCK recruits members from the backward castes, thus, they struggle to gain a foothold amongst Pallars and Arunthathiyars. The result is that now each caste has its own heroes and mass figures that are inimical to Dalit unity.
Talking about “heroes”, Dalit movements of late have been involved in reinventing their own caste histories and glorifying “heroes” from the past. Could this be seen as discourses of empowerment?
Thol. Thirumavalavan, Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi leader, calling on Chief Minister M. Karunanidhi at his residence. M.K. Stalin, now Deputy Chief Minister, is also seen. A file picture. Dalit movements started off as autonomous political forces but have succumbed to Dravidian hegemony in the belief that they cannot stand alone.
Caste histories can well be seen as discourses of empowerment and we shouldn’t belittle their importance because they provide at least symbolic forms of capital and have been instrumental in altering the aspirations and self-perceptions of the subaltern groups.
But do you not think that there is a danger of this form of symbolic capital not turning into social action?
Yes, there is a double-edged character for this as they detract the movements from any sense of common struggle and they can lead to status competition among Dalits as in the case of Devendra Kula Vellalars. From that perspective, campaign strategies which are formed on common issues such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1999, World Conference Against Racism facilitate cross caste mobilisation.
Perhaps, the best example of such awareness and mobilisation is Ambedkar’s Birth Centenary, which made him a leader of pan-Indian stature and took him to the remotest corners as champion of the oppressed. If Dalit movements can build on such platforms, or those of land rights, there is more hope for Dalit liberation than the advancement of particular communities.
Most Dalit scholars believe that the idea of resistance politics identified with the VCK has become a casualty after its entry into electoral politics.
The compulsions of electoral politics, which engender compromise and hinder spontaneity, are the reasons for that. Thirumavalavan could rush to villages during the 1990s and interact with people; now it’s not happening and he cannot do that. Many are disillusioned with this professionalisation and bureaucratisation and the focus on Tamil nationalism. The seeming desire to become a general party rather than focussing on issues largely affecting Dalits is rather depressing for some cadres though others revel in the party’s strength. But having said this, all the movements suffer from this malaise.
We have to ask whether the Dalit struggle can be advanced by espousing Tamil nationalism. The VCK has been able to gain some concessions and goodwill from its political partners through this strategy, but we must ask at what cost these gains have been won. The VCK mobilisation in Karnataka, for instance, is resented by other Dalit parties who see them as primarily a Tamil party. Dalit unity is thus undermined.
What are the significant areas where the VCK still wields a lot of influence?
In some key areas, the VCK continues to inspire people to follow them, and some shades of women’s empowerment are also taking place. One notable thing is that in Madurai, R. Pandiammal – whom I mentioned in my book – has risen to become the district secretary from being a grass-roots worker. This move needs to be applauded as not many parties have elevated active women to positions of responsibility.
Secondly, they continue to carve out spaces in terms of book launches, art festivals and conferences. One VCK member told me that Thirumavalavan talks about Dalit issues in these platforms in a way that is no longer possible on political platforms. Finally, there is a suggestion by many people that the VCK is now engaged in the murkier forms of politics like katta panchayats (kangaroo courts). On the one hand this heralds the party’s arrival as a significant political player – either because rumours are spread about them or because they are powerful enough to engage in such activities. On the other it raises questions about the party’s ultimate objectives. If the aim is a share of political power then this is a step in the right direction, but if the aim is to transform politics and challenge caste hierarchies, then this is a retrograde step.
Your view on the question of compartmental reservation…
M. KARUNAKARAN
A rally led by Thirumavalavan in support of Sri Lankan Tamils in Chennai on May 5, 2009. Dalits feel that there are so many pressing issues that need to be addressed, but the VCK leaders have failed to address them in their pursuit of larger issues like the Sri Lankan conflict.
I am deeply sceptical about the Arunthathiyar reservation. For a start, if the State filled the 18 per cent available [to the Scheduled Castes] fully and properly there would be no need for compartmental reservation. Although it is true that the Arunthathiyars are the weakest of the main Dalit castes, this move can be seen as a form of ‘divide and rule’ that channels Dalit mobilisation into caste-based struggles rather than anti-caste struggles.
Furthermore, the issue of reservation is particularly important because the persistence of caste in contemporary Tamil Nadu, for me at least, rests less on ‘purity and pollution’ and more on the question of identity, honour and caste pride. Compartmental reservation feeds into this dynamic and fuels the logic of identity-based politics. It does not help to overcome the dialectic between honour and humiliation, whereas general schemes like the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme at least have the potential to transcend caste boundaries.
Is there any scope for Dalit parties to become politically self-autonomous?
Dalit movements here started off as autonomous political forces but have succumbed to Dravidian hegemony in the belief that they cannot stand alone. The Third Front in 1999 and actor Vijaykant’s limited success signals that there is scope for non-Dravidian politics, but there have been no sustained attempts to build up such a campaign. This indicates that Dalit parties are caught up in the workings of everyday Tamil politics, with the result that the options open to them are limited to Tamil nationalism, idolisation of Periyar at a rhetorical level and the symbolic occupation of space. Only if Dalit movements stand apart from the Dravidian parties will we get a sense of their autonomy.
What are your current projects?
I am currently reading a lot of literature to think more theoretically about the underpinnings of caste and caste conflicts, thinking through workings of social power and the way in which everyday interactions form the basis of caste structures.
Such a bottom-up perspective offers an insight into why caste continues to inform everyday life even 60 years after Independence. I am also considering the possibility of carrying out a follow-up study on Dalit politics in Tamil Nadu that would chart the changes in Dalit mobilisation over the past decade. The vibrant Dalit movements that I studied in 1999 are now established political parties and I am keen to tease out the
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gykpoe;j jypj; xw;Wik
vbd;lNuh gy;fiyfof r%ftpay; Nguhrpah; Hugo Gorringe ld; xU Neh;fhzy;.
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jkpo;ehl;bYs;s jypj; ,af;fj;ij gw;wp Ma;tz Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;fpw fUj;jhf;fk; vg;gb cUthdJ?
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vd;Dila Ma;T Neuj;jpYk; $l ehd; epiwa ez;gh;fis re;jpj;Njd;. ePbj;J epiyj;jpUf;Fk; rhjpa Vw;wj;jho;Tfis gw;wp mwpe;J nfhz;Nld;. ,e;j mDgtq;fspd; njhlh;gzpia gw;wp rpe;jpf;Fk; NghJ jypj;JfisAk; mth;fSila ,af;fq;fisAk; gw;wp nghpa mstpy; Mq;fpyj;jpy; ve;j gjpTk; ,y;yhky; ,Ug;gij czh;e;Njd;. vdNt me;j ntw;wplj;ij epug;g Ntz;LnkdTk; epidj;Njd;. ,g;gbj;jhd; vd;Dila Kidth;gl;l Ma;T epiwNtwpaJ. ikf;Nfy; nkh/ghl; Nghd;w mwpQh;fs; (,e;jpahtpy; jPz;lg;glhj r%fq;fs; : mikg;Gk; khWghlw;w jd;ikAk;) rhjp vd;gJ khWghlw;w jd;ikia mbg;gilahf nfhz;ljhfTk; fPo;;epiyapy; cs;s kf;fspd; Nky;jl;L kf;fspd; tbtj;ijAk; cwTepiyiaAk; mbnahw;wp Nghyr; nra;J nfhz;ldh; vdTk; tpthjpg;ghh;. rhjpf;F vjpuhf jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fs; NguhLfpwhh;fs; vd;W kw;wth;fs; $Wthh;fs; nkh/ghl;bDila vOj;Jf;fs; ntspaplg;gl;ljdhy; ,q;fpUe;j epiyia jPbnud;W khwpg;NghdJ. Njrpa mstpy; jypj; ,af;fq;fs; xUq;fpizaj; njhlq;fpd. NkYk; rkfhy rhjpa cwTepiyfis gw;wp Ghpe;J nfhs;sTk;> rhjpa gbepiyf;Fhpa rthy;fis tifg;gLj;jTk; ehd; tpUk;gpNdd;.
jypj;Jfspd; tho;it #o;e;jpUf;fpw rhjp kw;Wk; Ruz;ly;fs; gw;wpa Ghpjiy tsg;gLj;Jtjw;F cq;fSila Kidth; gl;l Ma;T vt;tsT Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wJ?
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,Ug;gl vy;iy cUthf;fk; kw;Wk;; nghJntspf;Fhpa chpikfis kPl;lYk; cq;fSila vOj;jpd; xU Kf;fpakhd $whf cs;sJ. ,e;j fUj;jhf;fk; jypj;Jfis nghWj;jtiuapy; vt;tsT Kf;fpakhdJ?
jypj;Jfspd; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ,Ug;gpl vy;iy vd;fpw fUj;jhf;fk; ika r%fj;jd;ikia nfhz;bUf;fpwJ Fiwe;jgl;rk; (Nkw;Nghf;fhf) Gjpa jkpofk;> tpLjiy rpWj;ijfs; Nghd;wit murpay; ,af;fq;fshf ngw;w cUthf;fk; kw;w fl;rpfSld; efh;Gwq;fspy; rkkhd epiyapy; Rtnuhl;bfspYk;> nfhb fk;gq;fspYk;> xtpaq;fspYk; ehk; ghh;f;fpd;wij Nghd;W jq;fSf;fhd ,lj;ij ngWtjw;F ,ad;wpUf;fpwJ. mjidg;Nghd;Nw efu vy;iyf;F ntspNaAs;s rpy Ch;fSk;> fpuhkq;fSk; jypj; murpay; FwpaPLfshy; ftdpf;fg;glhkNyNa cs;sd. Mdhy; kpfg; nghpa mstpyhd Nghuhl;lq;fSk;> Aj;jq;fSk; ,e;j FwpaPLfis Vw;gjw;Fhpa gpd; tpisTfis Vw;gLj;jpapUf;fpd;wd. cz;ikapy; jw;NghJ mitfNs xU rpwg;Gr; nra;jpahf ,Ug;gJ kpFe;j Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wjhFk;. Mdhy; ,d;Dk; nka;ahd epiyapy; efh;Gwq;fspy; cs;s jypj;Jfs; ngWk;ghd;ikahf NrhpfspYk; my;yJ kw;w vy;iyg;gFjpfspYNk njhlh;e;J thoNtz;bapUf;fpwJ. ,e;j tifapy; efh;Gwq;fspYs;s ,Ug;gplk; vd;gJ rhjpapdhNyNa Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ. thliff;F tPL NjLgth;fsplj;jpy; mth;fSila rhjp Nfl;fg;gLfpd;wd. my;yJ tPl;il thliff;F tpLtjw;F Kd;ghf Nky;rhjpapdhplkpUe;J xg;Gjy; ngw;Wj;jUkhW mwpTWj;jg; gLfpwhh;fs;. fpuhkg;gFjpfspy; ,d;dKk; fpuhkj;jpw;F ntspNaAs;s NrhpfspNyNa tho;fpwhh;fs;. nghJg;ghijiaAk;> nghJthd Mjhuq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F Nghuhl Ntz;bAs;sJ. jpKf murpd; rkj;JtGuk; jpl;lj;jpYk; $l NtWgl;l rhjpapdh; mUfUNf tho;fpd;wdh;. Mdhy; mth;fSf;fpilNaahd cwTepiy FiwTgl;bUg;gij ehk; nghJthf fhz KbfpwJ. NkYk; ,e;j ,ilntspfs; #oYf;F Vw;g khwpf; nfhs;Sk; rhjpa czh;T epiyiaNa ekf;F ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ.
jkpofj;jpd; murpay; #oypy; tp. rpWj;ijfs; kw;Wk; Gjpa jkpofk; Nghd;w jypj; fl;rpfSila cUthf;fk; vt;tsT Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ vd ePq;fs; fUJfpwPh;fs;?
tp.rpWj;ijfs; kw;Wk; Gjpa jkpofk; Nghd;w fl;rpfSila vOr;rp jypj;Jfis xU murpay; rj;jpakhf Vw;W nfhs;tjw;F jpuhtpl fl;rpfis El;gkhf eph;ge;jk; nra;fpwJ. tp.rpWj;ijfs; fl;rpia vLj;Jf; nfhs;Nthkhapd; ,Jtiuapy; rhjpj;jpUg;gjhf Njhd;wpdhYk; mth;fs; kPjhd Fw;wr;rhl;L vd;gJ tp.rp fl;rp gpw jypj; murpay;thjpfSf;F vjpuhf nray;gLfpwJ vd;gjhFk;. mf;fl;rp jypj;Jfis gpujpepj;Jt gLj;jhky; ,Ug;gjhYk; jPz;lhikapd; vfhh;j;j epiyAld; njhlh;gw;W ,Ug;gjhYk; jw;NghJ mf;fl;rpf;F vjpuhfNt jhf;Fjy; njhLf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
jypj;Jfis neUf;fpf; nfhz;bUf;f $ba gy;NtW gpur;ridfisg; gw;wp ftdk; nrYj;jhky; tp.rp.fl;rp jiyth;fs;
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jq;fSila nfhLikfspypUe;J kPz;L vOtjw;Fk; tp.rpWj;ijfs; fl;rpia xU murpay; rf;jpahf epWtf; nfhs;tjw;Fkhd rhpahd efh;thfNt njhlf;fj;jpy; fl;rp ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; tsh;r;rpepiy vl;bajw;F gpwF me;j mikg;gpw;Fs; gjpyPlhf Ntnwhd;iw mile;J tpl;ljhf Njhd;WfpwJ.
Mk;. rpy rYiffis ngwTk;> xU Fwpg;gpl;l mstpy; tpspk;G epiy kf;fSf;fhf Fuy; vOg;gTk; Kbe;jJ. Mdhy; vjph;g;gpyf;fq;fspd; jiyth;fs; jpuhtpl ,af;f jiyth;fspd; fhybapy; tPo;e;J fplf;Fk; NghJ tpLjiyapd; tbtq;fshfapUe;jjpypUe;J epWtdkag;gl;l tbtj;jpw;F khwpaij ePq;fs; ghh;f;f KbAk;.
jpuhtpl ,af;fq;fspd; fth;r;rpfukhd Ngr;Rf;fs; jypj;Jfis xuq;fl;btpl;L jypj;Jfis xLf;fpAk; mth;fSf;F vjpuhf td; nfhLikfis elj;Jfpw tl;lhu Mjpf;f rhjpfisNa gyg;gLj;jpaJ vDk; Fw;wr;rhl;L cs;sJ. ,J ve;j mstpy; cz;ikahdJ?
jpuhtpl ,af;fk; gpuhkzpaj;ij vjph;j;jJ. Mdhy; xU jj;Jtkhf gpuhkzpa vjph;g;G mikg;gpay; jd;ikapy; ,y;iy. mjw;fhf gpur;rhuKk; Nkw;nfhz;ljpy;iy. FwpaPl;L topKiwfis jth;j;J NtW vt;tifapYk; mikg;gpay; gbepiyia mth;fs; vjph; nfhz;ljpy;iy. ,jd; nghUs; vd;dntd;why; Mjpf;f rhjpad; rhjpa xLf;F Kiwfis ehk; ,d;iwf;Fk; fpuhkj;jpYk; efuj;jpYk; mDgtpj;J tUfpNwhk;. mjpfhu gyj;ij nfhz;lth;fs; gpuhkzh;fs; vd;gjpypUe;J ,e;j Mjpf;f rhjpapdh; mth;fis mfw;wpdhh;fs;. Mdhy; gpuhkzpa nfhs;iffis njhlh;e;J gpd;gw;Wfpwth;fshf ,Uf;fpwhh;fs;. vdNt gpuhkzpaKk; njhlh;e;J nry;thf;F ngw;Wf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.
nghpahhpd; rdehaf fUj;jhf;fq;fs; ,d;Dk; gydspf;fkNyNa ,Uf;fpwJ. jkpof murpaypy; cs; ,iztpw;fhf td;dpah;fSk;> Njth;fSNk Nghuhl Ntz;bapUf;fpwJ. cz;ikapy; jkpof murpay; tuyhW vd;gNj r%fj;jpy; xLf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; %yk; fpilj;j ntw;wpapd; tuyhWjhd;. ,d;dKk; murpay;py; Nghl;bapLjy; vd;gJ rhjpa vy;iyfspd; kPJjhd; Ngr;Rk; nray;ghLk; mike;jpUf;fpwJ vd;gijf; nfhz;L jpuhtpl fl;rpfspd; Njhy;tpia tpsf;fyhk;.
,d;Dk; Nghuhl;lk; njhlh;fpwjh?
Mk; td;dpah;fs;> Njth;fSf;F gpwF gs;sh;fSk;> giwah;fSk; Nghuhbdhh;fs; jw;NghJ murpay; ,iztpw;fhf mUe;jjpah;fs; Nghuhbf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhh;fs;. ,it kpf El;gkhf eilngWfpwJ. Vnddpy; rhjp vd;gJ FwpaPlhfTk;> nghUshjhaj;jpd; xU $whfTk; njhlh;fpwJ. eilKiwapy; xU Kf;fpa gz;ghfTk; ePbj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. ,jdhy; r%f cwTfs; epiyahdjhf ,Uf;fpd;wd vdf; $Wtjhf MfhJ. xl;L nkhj;jkhf ghh;f;Fk;NghJ rhh;e;J thOk; gytPdk; kpfg; gutyhf jypj;Jfsplj;jpy; cs;sJ. Mdhy; tpspk;G epiy kf;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wk; vd;gJ jw;nray; epfo;thf cs;sNj vd;wp jpuhtpl nfhs;iffspd; %yk; Vw;gl;l tpisthf my;y. rhjpag;gpur;ridfspd; mbg;gilapy; jypj; ,af;fq;fs; xUq;fpidAk; epiyapy; jypj;Jf;fs; mopf;f tpUk;Gk; r%f mikg;ig rhjp vjph;;g;G ,af;fq;fs; gykilar; nra;fpd;wd vd;W ($WtJ) ghh;g;gJ xU Kuz; eifahFk;. ,jw;F gy;NtW fhuzq;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. Kjyhtjhf jpuhtpl Nkyhjpf;fk; vd;gJ kpfTk; gyKs;sjhf cs;sJ. jpuhtpl ,af;f jiyth;fs; vtw;iw Ntz;LkhdhYk; Ngr;rpdhYk; rpe;jpj;jhYk; jypj;Jfs; jkpoh;fs; vd;fpw milahsj;ij gw;wpf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhh;fs;. gF[d;rkh[;> ,e;jpa fk;a+dp];l; fl;rp kw;Wk; ,e;jpa khh;f;rp];l; fl;rpapd; Njhy;tpfs; ,jid Nrhjpj;jpUf;fpd;wd. ,uz;lhtjhf jypj; ,af;fq;fspilNa cs;s rdehaf Fiwit ,J ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. nghpa jiyth;fs; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;JtJ jkpof murpaypd; Mjpf;f tbtj;ij czh;j;JtNjhL gpstpw;Fk;> cah;kjpg;gpw;fhd Nghl;bf;Fk; topelj;JfpwJ. %d;whtjhf ,af;fq;fs; czh;ThPjpahf Fwpg;ghf td; nfhLikfis czh;ThPjpahf mZFfpd;wd. mJ ,af;fq;fSf;F Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. xU Ntis rhjpg; gphpTfSf;F vjpuhf mikg;G rhh;e;J nrayhw;Wtjw;F ,J ,d;wpaikahjjhfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;. tp.rpWj;ijfs; fl;rp gpw;gLj;jg;gl;l rhjpfspypUe;J cWg;gpdh;fis epakdk; nra;jhYk; $l gs;sh;fs; kw;Wk; mUe;jjpah;fsplj;jpy; xU gpbkhdj;ij ngWtjw;F mth;fs; NghuhlNtz;bAs;sJ. ,jd; tpisthf xt;nthU rhjpAk; mjw;Fhpa tPuegh;fisAk;> cahpa MSikfisAk; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. ,it jypj; xw;Wikf;F gifikia cUthf;Ffpd;wd.
tPu MSikfis gw;wp NgRk;NghJ fle;j fhy jypj; ,af;fqfs; mth;fSila nrhe;j rhjp tuyhw;iwAk; gioa tuyhw;wpypUe;J Gfo;kpf;f tPuh;fisAk; kWfz;lilTf;F cl;gLj;Jk; nraw;ghl;by;
rhjpa tuyhWfis tYg;gLj;jYf;fhd tuyhwhf ehk; ghh;f;f ,aYk;. ehk; mth;fSila Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Fiwe;j kjpg;gpl KbahJ Vnddpy; mth;fs; Fiwe;jgl;rk; Mjhu FwpaPl;L tbtq;fisahtJ toq;fpapUf;fpwhh;fs;. tpspk;G epiy FOf;fspd; ehl;lj;ijAk;> RafUj;jhf;fj;ijAk; khw;wpaikf;f fUtpfshf gad;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhh;fs;. ,e;j Mjhu FwpaPl;L tbtq;fs; r%f nray;ghl;bw;Fs; jpUk;ghky; ,Uf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy; cs;s Mgj;ij ePq;fs; czutpy;iyah?
Mk;> nghJthd Nghuhl;lj;jd;ikapypUe;J ,af;fq;fis FiwTgLj;Jtjhy; mq;F ,UGwKk; $h;j;jd;ik nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;Fk;. NjNte;jpu Fy Ntshsh;fs; tp\aj;jpy; ele;jijg; Nghd;W jypj;Jfspilapy; cah;kjpg;G rhh;e;j Nghl;bfSf;F ,J topelj;Jk;. me;j fz;Nzhl;lj;jpypUe;J mfpy cyf kdpj chpikfs; gpufldk; 1999> Nghd;w nghJthd gpur;ridfs; gpur;rhuj;jpw;fhd Af;jpfshf tbtikf;fg;gl;ld. ,dNtWghl;bw;F vjpuhd mfpy cyfkhehL rhjpfis jhz;b midtiuAk; xUq;fpizj;jJ. ,t;thwhd tpopg;Gzh;tpw;Fk;> xUq;fpiztpw;Fk; rpwe;j cjhuzkhf mk;Ngj;fhd; Ehw;whz;L epfo;it $wyhk;. mJ ,e;jpah;fs; midtUf;Fkhd jiytuhf mk;Ngj;fiu cah;j;jpaJ. xLf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; nraw;tPuuhf %iyKLf;FfSf;nfy;yhk; vLj;Jr; nrd;wJ. jypj; ,af;fq;fs; ,t;thwhd Fwpg;gpl;l jsj;jpy (m) epy chpik Nghd;wtw;wpy; rl;likf;fg;gl;lhy; jdpj;j rpy fl;rpfspd; %d;Ndw;wj;ij tpl jypj; tpLjiyapd; kPJ ek;gpf;ifapUf;Fk;.
tpLjiy rpWj;ijfs; fl;rpAld; milahsg;gLj;jg;gl;l vjph;g;G murpaypd; fUj;jhf;fk; mf;fl;rp Njh;jy; murpaYf;Fs; Eioe;jjw;F gpwF mf;$W xU rhjhuz jd;ikf;F jpUk;gpajhf gy;NtW jypj; mwpQh;fs; ek;Gfpwhh;fNs.....?
Njh;jy; murpaypy; neUf;fbapdhy; ,zq;FjYk;> jd; tpUg;gkhf nray;gLjypy; jilAk; ,Ug;gJ jhd; ,jw;F fhuzkhFk;. jpUkhtstdhy; 90 fspy; fpuhkq;fSf;F xl Kbe;jJ. Mdhy; jw;NghJ ,J eilngwTk; ,y;iy. mtuhy; nra;aTk; KbahJ. njhopw;gz;Gj; jd;ikfs;> mjpfhu jd;ikfs; kw;Wk; jkpo; Njrpak; vd;gjd; kPjhd kaf;fj;jpypUe;J gyh; tpLtpj;Jf; nfhz;ldh;. ngUk;ghd;ikahf jypj;Jfis ghjpf;fpd;w gpur;rpidfspd; kPJ kl;Lk; ftdk; nrYj;jhky; nghJthd fl;rpahf khWfpw ,j;jd;ik fl;rpapd; gyj;ij ntspg;gLj;JtJ kpFe;j kfpo;r;rpahf ,Ue;jhYk; rpy njhz;lh;fis kd mOj;jj;jpw;Fk; Ml;gLj;jpAs;sJ. Mdhy; ,e;j Nehapdhy; midj;J ,af;fq;fSk; Jd;gg;gLk; vd;W nghJthf nrhy;yg;gl;L tUfpwJ.
jkpo; Njrpaj;jpw;F Mjutspg;gjd; %yk; jypj; Nghul;lk; Kd;Ndw;wkila ,aYkh> ,y;iyah? vd;gij ehk; Nfs;tpf;Fl;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. tpLjiy rpWj;ijfs; fl;rp mjd; murpay; $l;lzpAld; ,e;j Af;jpfspd; %yk; rpy rYiffisAk; MjuitAk; ngw;wJ. Mdhy; ,e;j gyd;fis ngWtjw;F vt;tsT ciog;G nrytplg;gl;lJ vd;gij ehk; fz;bg;ghf Nfl;f Ntz;Lk;.
cjhuzkhf tpLjiy rpWj;ijfs; fl;rpia Kf;fpakhd jkpo; fl;rpahf ghh;;;f;fpd;w jypj; ,af;fq;fs; fh;ehlfhtpy; tpLjiy rpWj;ijfspd; xUq;fpidit Nfhgkhf ghh;f;fpd;wd. ,t;thW jypj; xw;Wik gytPdkile;J nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.
,d;Dk; ve;nje;j Jiwfspy; tpLjiy rpWj;ijfs; fl;rp mjpf ftdk; nrYj;JfpwJ?
rpy Kf;fpa gFjpfspy; tpLjiy rpWj;ijfs; fl;rp jq;fis gpd;gw;Wtjw;F kf;fis ce;Jtjpy; njhlh;e;J nrayhw;WfpwJ. kpf rpwpa mstpy; ngz;fSf;fhd Nkk;ghl;bw;Fhpa nray;ghLfSk; ele;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. vd;Dila Ehypy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s kJiu ghz;bak;khs; mbj;jl;L mstpy; xU rhjhuz nray;ghl;lhsuhf ,Ue;J ,d;iwf;F khtl;l nrayhsuhf cah;e;jpUg;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jFe;j nra;jpahFk;. ngUk;ghd;ikahd murpay; fl;rpfs; caph;g;Gld; nra;y;gLfpd;wd ngz;fSf;fhd nghWg;Gfis mspf;fkhy; ,Uf;Fk; epiyapy; ,e;j Kaw;rp ghuhl;lg;gl Ntz;bajhFk;. ,uz;lhtjhf mth;fs; Ehy; ntspaPLfs;> fiy tpohf;fs; kw;Wk; khehLfs; Nghd;wtw;wpw;fhd ntspia Kad;W cUthf;Ffpwhh;fs;. ,j;jifa jsq;fspy; jpUkhtstd; jypj; gpur;rpidfis gw;wp NgRk; topKiwiag; Nghd;W murpay; jsq;fspy; Ngr ,ayhJ vd;W tpLjiy rpWj;ijfs; fl;rp cWg;gpdh; xUth; vd;dplj;jpNy gfph;e;Jf; nfhz;lhh;. ,Wjpahf tpLjiy rpWj;ijfs; fl;rp jw;NghJ fl;lg;gQ;rhaj;J Nghd;W mOf;F murpay; tbtj;jpy; jd;id
jdp xJf;fPL gw;wpa Nfs;tpapd; kPJ cq;fSila fUj;J vd;d?
mUe;jjpah; xJf;fPl;il gw;wp ehd; kpfTk; Mo;e;J IaKWfpd;Nwd;. muR ,Uf;fpd;w (jypj;JfSf;Fhpa)18% xJf;fPl;il KOtJkhfTk;> KiwahfTk; epug;gpdhy; jdp xJf;fPl;bw;fhd Njit vd;gJ ,y;iy. Kf;fpakhd jypj; rhjpfspy; gytPdkhd rhjpahf mUe;jjpah;fs; ,Ug;gJ cz;ikjhd; vdpDk; ,e;j efh;it rhjp vjph;g;G Nghuhl;lq;fspy; jypj;Jf;;fs; xUq;fpiztjw;F gjpyhf rhjp mbg;gilapyhd Nghuhl;lq;fSf;Fs; jypj;Jfis ghpj;jhSk; #o;r;rp tbtkhfNt ghh;f;f KbAk;. NkYk; ,l xJf;fPl;L gpur;rpid vd;gJ Fwpg;gpl;l jFe;j tifapy; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. Vnddpy; rkfhy jkpofj;jpy; rhjpapd; epiyj;jd;ik> vd;idg; nghWj;jtiuapy; kpff; FiwthfNt Gdpjk;> jPl;L vd;gjpy; gbe;Js;sJ. khwhf milahsk;> kjpg;G kw;Wk; rhjpg; ngUik ,tw;wpd; kPNj mjpfkhf cs;sJ. ,e;j milahs mbg;gilapyhd murpaYf;F Kf;fpa fhuzpahfTk;> czh;thl;Lk; nghUshfTk; jdp xJf;fPL capuspf;fpwJ Njrpa Cuf Ntiy cWjpaspg;G jpl;lk; Nghd;w nghJthd jpl;lq;fs; Fiwe;jgl;rk; rhjpa vy;iyfis flg;gjw;F cjTfpd;w epiyapy; ,e;j xJf;fPL ngUikf;Fk;> ,opT epiyf;Fk; ,ilapyhd ,af;fj;ij ntd;nwLf;fTk; cjthJ.
murpay; hPjpahf jypj; fl;rpfs; Rahl;rpia ngWtjw;F VNjDk; fsk; cs;sjh?
jypj; ,af;fq;fs; jd;dpr;irahd murpay; rf;jpahfNt njhlq;fpd. Mdhy; jdpahf epw;f KbahJ vDk; ek;gpf;ifapy; jpuhtpl Nkyhjpf;fj;jpw;F mbgzpe;jd. 1999y; 3tJ mzpAk;> ebfh; tp[afhe;jpd; xusT ntw;wpAk; jpuhtpl ,af;f ky;yhj murpaYf;F topapUg;gij ntspg;gLj;jpd. Mdhy; mjid ePbf;f nra;tjw;Fhpa vt;tpj gpur;rhuKk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy. jypj; fl;rpfs; jkpof murpaypd; md;whl nray;ghl;bypUe;J ,ilapl;L jLf;fg;gl;bUg;gijAk; jkpo; Njrpaj;jpw;fhd mth;fSf;Fhpa tha;g;G tiuaWf;fg;gl;bUg;gijAk;> fth;r;rp nrhw;fspy; nghpahiug; Nghw;wp> ,lj;ij ifg;gw;wpapUg;gijAk; ekf;F czh;j;JfpwJ. jypj; ,af;fq;fs; jpuhtpl fl;rpfspypUe;J tpLgl;L epw;Fk; NghJ kl;LNk mth;fSila jd;dhl;rp chpikia ngWthh;fs;.
cq;fSila jw;Nghija nraw;ghLfs; vd;d?
ehd; jw;NghJ rhjp kw;Wk; rhjpa mbf;fl;Lkhdk; gw;wp Nfhl;ghl;L hPjpahf mjpfk; rpe;jpg;gjw;F epiwa ,yf;fpaq;fis gbj;J tUfpNwd; r%f mjpfhuj;jpd; nray;Kiw %ykhf rhjpaikg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; md;whl ciuahly;fspd; topKiwfs; gw;wpAk; Nahrpj;J tUfpNwd;.
,t;thwhd mbg;gilf; fz;Nzhl;lq;fs;> Vd; rhjp Rje;jpuk; ngw;W 60 Mz;Lfs; Md gpwFk; md;whl tho;tpw;F cUf;nfhLg;gJ njhlh;fpwJ vDk; Ma;tpw;Fs; mioj;Jr; nry;Yk; jkpofj;jpy; jypj; fl;rpfs; kPjhd Ma;tpid njhluTk; Kad;W nfhz;bUf;fpNwd;. me;j Ma;T fle;j 10 Mz;Lfspy; jypj; xUq;fpiztpy; Vw;gl;Ls;s khw;wq;fisAk; gphpj;J fhz;gpf;Fk;. 1999y; ehd; Ma;T Nkw;fz;l mjph;t+l;Lk; jypj; ,af;fq;fs; jypj; fl;rpfshf epiyj;Js;sd. vdNt ,e;j khw;wj;jpd; rpf;fy;fis gphpj;J ghh;f;fTk; ehd; kpfTk; Mtyhf cs;Nsd;.